Racial Issues – Just Facts* Civil rights, as defined by Merriam- Webster’s Learner’s Dictionary, are. In the winter of 1. Confederate Army veterans met in Pulaski, Tennessee, and formed the Ku Klux Klan. Members of this organization murdered and intimidated African Americans and their white supporters, particularly those who were active in politics and in educating black children.[1. In 1. 86. 8, the U. S. government ratified the 1. Amendment of the Constitution, which reads in part. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[1. In 1. 87. 0, the U. S. government ratified the 1. Amendment of the Constitution, which reads in full. Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.[1. In 1. 86. 6, 1. 87. U. S. government enacted a series of civil rights laws to ensure that African Americans had the rights to. To enforce these civil rights laws, Republican President Ulysses S. Get the latest breaking news across the U.S. on ABCNews.com. Grant sent federal troops into the South and declared martial law in certain places.[1. By 1. 87. 2, after “thousands of blacks and hundreds of whites had been massacred or driven from their homes and communities,” the Klan was temporarily disbanded. Factors that led to this included. Klan had achieved its objective of white political supremacy via Democratic Party dominance in the South. Klan ordered that it be ended due to its extreme violence, although some local chapters continued.[1. In a decade surrounding the enactment of the 1. Amendments and the 1. African Americans became members of the U. S. Congress and 6. In 1. 87. 5 case of United States v. Cruikshank, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled (5 to 4) that the U. S. Constitution. does not require state governments to protect the individual rights found in the Constitution’s Bill of Rights, such as the rights to life, liberty, assembly, bear arms, or property. Constitutional rights unless they are “an attribute of national citizenship,” such as assembling for the purpose of petitioning the U. S. Congress.[1. 23][1. When Republican Senator Jacob Howard introduced the Constitution’s 1. Amendment, he stated that it would. States and compel them at all times to respect” the “personal rights guaranteed and secured by” the Bill of Rights, such as “freedom of speech,” “the right of the people peaceably to assemble,” “the right to keep and to bear arms,” the “right to be tried by an impartial jury,” and others. States “from depriving not merely a citizen of the United States, but any person, whoever he may be, of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, or from denying to him the equal protection of the laws of the State. This abolishes all class legislation in the States and does away with the injustice of subjecting one caste of persons to a code not applicable to another. It prohibits the hanging of a black man for a crime for which the white man is not to be hanged. It protects the black man in his fundamental rights as a citizen with the same shield which it throws over the white man.”. U. S. Congress the “authority to pass laws which are appropriate to the attainment of the great object of the amendment.”[1. When ratified, the language in the 1. Amendment that pertains to the three bullet points above was word- for- word the same as the amendment introduced by Jacob Howard.[1. The Supreme Court’s ruling in Cruikshank allowed white militias and mobs to subjugate black people through violence and intimidation.[1. In 1. 87. 7, all federal troops left the South as part of a deal that some Republicans made with some Democrats to deliver a disputed presidential election to Republican Rutherford Hayes.[1. In 1. 87. 7, Southern states began implementing laws and other measures that effectively restricted most black people from voting. These included (but were not limited to). Since the majority of blacks were recently released from slavery and thus poor, most could not afford the fee in order to vote. Since some states previously had laws that forbid teaching slaves to read, many blacks in the South could not pass these tests. Also, laws requiring literacy tests were sometimes written so that certain people were exempt from them under criteria that mainly applied to whites.[1. Such restrictive voting laws were gradually enacted in different states, and over time, they “virtually eliminated” black people from voting in the South.[1. In 1. 90. 1, George White of North Carolina left the U. S. House of Representatives. He was the last black member of Congress from the South until 1. In 1. 91. 3, Democrat Woodrow Wilson, a founder of modern liberalism, became president of the United States.[1. As president, Wilson. African- Americans and prevent them from advancing to high- level civil service positions that they held during Republican administrations. Wilson’s polices that “segregation is not a humiliation but a benefit, and ought to be so regarded by you gentlemen.”[1. White House of The Birth of a Nation, a film that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and was used by the Klan as a recruiting tool.[1. Between 1. 91. 5 and the mid- 1. Ku Klux Klan grew to more than two million members. In addition to attacking black people, the Klan also targeted immigrants, Jews, and Catholics.[1. From 1. 90. 1 to 1. African Americans were lynched in the South. During this period, Republicans tried to pass federal anti- lynching laws but were thwarted by Democrats.[1. From the end of the Civil War until 1. Republicans.[1. 49]* In the 1. Southern blacks were effectively blocked from voting—Northern blacks began switching in large numbers to the Democratic Party. They did this because they supported the Great Depression- era “New Deal” programs of Democratic President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.[1. Some of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs. Social Security program.[1. New Deal programs sometimes contained provisions that discriminated against minorities.[1. A New Deal law known as National Labor Relations Act of 1. Many unions excluded African Americans and other minorities from membership, and hence, people of color were locked out of numerous workplaces.[1. In 1. 94. 7, Republicans in Congress enacted a law that banned closed shops by requiring that union membership be available to all employees.[1. This significantly reduced but did not end racial discrimination by unions.[1. In 1. 94. 1, President Roosevelt nominated Hugo Black, a former member of the Ku Klux Klan, to the U. S. Supreme Court. With knowledge of this, the NAACP supported Black because of his liberal/progressive voting record.[1. In 1. 94. 4, Hugo Black authored the Supreme Court’s decision in Korematsu v. United States. This ruling allowed the Roosevelt administration to place U. S. citizens of Japanese descent into detention camps during World War II without any evidence that they were disloyal to the United States.[1. In this decision. Roosevelt. two of the dissenting justices were appointed by Roosevelt. Republican Herbert Hoover.[1. Per the 1. 96. 3 textbook The American Constitution: Its Origins and Development, during the post- World War II era. Northern Democrats had become acutely aware that the Southern Democratic stand on civil rights badly damaged the party strength not only in presidential campaigns but also in local Northern congressional elections.[1. In the 1. 94. 6 national elections, Democrats lost 5. House and 1. 2 seats in the Senate, giving Republicans control of Congress.[1. Three months before the next national elections (in 1. Democratic President Harry Truman issued an executive order declaring that “there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race, color, religion, or national origin.”[1. Democratic Party added the following language to its platform. R]acial and religious minorities must have the right to live, the right to work, the right to vote, the full and equal protection of the laws, on a basis of equality with all citizens as guaranteed by the Constitution.[1.
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